Failed to open / find files while reading metadata snapshot – How to solve related issues

Index and indexing in Elasticsearch - 3 min

Overview

In Elasticsearch, an index (plural: indices) contains a schema and can have one or more shards and replicas. An Elasticsearch index is divided into shards and each shard is an instance of a Lucene index.

Indices are used to store the documents in dedicated data structures corresponding to the data type of fields. For example, text fields are stored inside an inverted index whereas numeric and geo fields are stored inside BKD trees.

Examples

Create index

The following example is based on Elasticsearch version 5.x onwards. An index with two shards, each having one replica will be created with the name test_index1

PUT /test_index1?pretty
{
    "settings" : {
        "number_of_shards" : 2,
        "number_of_replicas" : 1
    },
    "mappings" : {
        "properties" : {
            "tags" : { "type" : "keyword" },
            "updated_at" : { "type" : "date" }
        }
    }
}

List indices

All the index names and their basic information can be retrieved using the following command:

GET _cat/indices?v

Index a document

Let’s add a document in the index with the command below:

PUT test_index1/_doc/1
{
  "tags": [
    "opster",
    "elasticsearch"
  ],
  "date": "01-01-2020"
}

Query an index

GET test_index1/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}

Query multiple indices

It is possible to search multiple indices with a single request. If it is a raw HTTP request, index names should be sent in comma-separated format, as shown in the example below, and in the case of a query via a programming language client such as python or Java, index names are to be sent in a list format.

GET test_index1,test_index2/_search

Delete indices

DELETE test_index1

Common problems

DELETE /*

action.destructive_requires_name: true

Overview

Metadata in Elasticsearch refers to additional information stored for each document. This is achieved using the specific metadata fields available in Elasticsearch. The default behavior of some of these metadata fields can be customized during mapping creation.

Examples

Using _meta meta-field for storing application-specific information with the mapping:

PUT /my_index?pretty
{
  "mappings": {
    "_meta": { 
      "domain": "security",
      "release_information": {
        "date": "18-01-2020",
        "version": "7.5"
      }
    }
  }
}

Notes

• In version 2.x, Elasticsearch had a total 13 meta fields available, which are: _index, _uid, _type, _id, _source, _size, _all, _field_names, _timestamp, _ttl, _parent, _routing, _meta
• In version 5.x, _timestamp and _ttl meta fields were removed.
• In version 6.x, the _parent meta field was removed.
• In version 7.x, _uid and _all meta fields were removed.

Overview

An Elasticsearch snapshot is a backup of an index taken from a running cluster. Snapshots are taken incrementally. This means that when Elasticsearch creates a snapshot of an index, it will not copy any data that was already backed up in an earlier snapshot of the index (unless it was changed). Therefore, it is recommended to take snapshots often.

You can restore snapshots into a running cluster via the restore API. Snapshots can only be restored to versions of Elasticsearch that can read the indices. Check the version compatibility before you restore. You can’t restore an index to a cluster that is more than one version above the index version.

The following repository types are supported:

• File system location
• S3 object storage 
• HDFS
• Azure and Google Cloud storage

Examples

An example of using S3 repository for Elasticsearch:

PUT _snapshot/backups
{
    "type": "s3",
    "settings": {
      "bucket": "elastic",
      "endpoint": "10.3.10.10:9000",
      "protocol": "http"
    }
}

You will also need to set the S3 access key and secret key in Elasticsearch key store.

bin/elasticsearch-keystore add s3.client.default.access_key
bin/elasticsearch-keystore add s3.client.default.secret_key

Taking a snapshot

Once the repo is set, taking a snapshot is just an API call.

PUT /_snapshot/backup/my_snapshot-01-10-2019

Where backup is the name of snapshot repo, and my_snapshot-01-10-2019 is the name of the snapshot. The above example will take a snapshot of all the indices. To take a snapshot of specific indices, provide the names of the indices you would like a snapshot of. 

PUT /_snapshot/backup/my_snapshot-01-10-2019
{
  "indices": "my_index_1,my_index_2"
  }
}

Restoring a snapshot

Restoring from a snapshot is also an API call:

POST /_snapshot/backup/my_snapshot-01-10-2019
/_restore
{
  "indices": "index_1,index_2"
}

This will restore index_1 and index_2 from the snapshot my_snapshot-01-10-2019 in backup repository.

Notes and good things to know

• Snapshot repository needs to be set up before you can take a snapshot, and you will need to install the S3 repository plugin as well if you plan to use a repository with S3 as backend storage.

sudo bin/elasticsearch-plugin install repository-s3

• You can use curator_cli tool to automate taking snapshots such as Cron, Kenkins or Kubernetes job schedule.
• It is better to use Elasticsearch snapshots instead of disk backups/snapshots. An index must be closed in order to be restored.
• Another option is to delete the index before restoring it. The snapshot and restore mechanism can also be used to copy data from one cluster to another cluster.
• If you don’t have S3 storage , you can run minio with NFS backend to create an S3 equivalent for your cluster snapshots

• When the operation is retried, it will only try to snapshot any shards that failed on the initial operation, until the snapshot succeeds.
• It is better to have the snapshot repo on the local network with Elasticsearch or configure/design the repository for high write throughput so that you don’t have to deal with partial snapshots.
• The snapshot operation will fail if there is a missing index. Setting the ignore_unavailable option to true will cause indices that do not exist to be ignored during snapshot operation. 
• If you are using some open source security tool such as SearchGuard, you will need to configure the Elasticsearch snapshot restore settings on the cluster before you can restore any snapshot. 
• In elasticsearch.yml:

searchguard.enable_snapshot_restore_privilege: true

Create data backups automatically without using snapshots

If having backups of your data is important to you and your operations, snapshots may not be ideal for you. Firstly, there are the problems mentioned above, but you also run the risk of losing any data generated in the time elapsed since the last snapshot was stored.

If, for example, you designate a snapshot and restore process to occur every 5 minutes, the data being backed up is always 5 minutes behind. If a cluster fails 4 minutes after the last snapshot was taken, 4 minutes of data will be completely lost.

Opster’s Multi-Cluster Load Balancer mirrors data to multiple clusters in real time to ensure complete data recovery, meaning there are zero time gaps and you’ll never run the risk of losing valuable data. To book a demo of the Mutli-Cluster Load Balancer, click here.